Radical Stage Of The French Revolution Essays - French Revolution

Radical Stage Of The French Revolution The Radical Stage of The French Revolution (1792-1793) By the end of 1971, Europe was preparing to witness the end of a seemingly triumphant revolution in France. The country was restructuring its government in a forceful and bloodless manner, while the tyrant King Louis the XVI agreed to the demands of the masses (albeit without much choice). However, due to the fanatical aspirations of men such as Danton, Marat and Robespierre,it would be only a matter of months before the moderate stage of social and political reform was transformed into a radical phase of barbaric and violent force. In their quest for freedom, equality and fraternity, the leaders of the Jacobins inadvertently turned the revolution into an oligarchic dictatorship that threatened to destroy all that was achieved in the previous two years of insurrection. The revolution took a sharp turn on August 9th, 1792. The Municipal government was overthrown in Paris and a Commune was established by the leaders of the radical forces. During this time there were continual food riots erupting in every area of the country and, with the threat of war against Austria and Prussia looming, it was vital that order was to be maintained during such tumultuous times. Although the constitution was already enshrined and the citizens had their freedom and liberties, there was still plenty of public dissent and disapproval as to whether or not these laws would help create a new government and prevent the country from breaking apart. The people had come this far and were not prepared to watch their efforts lead to failure or the restoration of an absolute monarch. As a result, the radical forces were able to gain the support of the citizens in declaring that the constitution of 1791 was ineffective and useless since it did not suit the needs of ALL the popula n of France. Moderate forces preferred to concentrate on the foreign affairs of new France, but the radicals insisted on domestic stability first. Led by the popular Danton and the merciless Marat, the Paris Commune discarded the old constitution and called for a National Convention to begin work on a new, revised version. The National Convention, divided by the moderate Girondins and the radical Jacobins, was the place where the future of the country was to be eventually determined. It was the premise of the Jacobins that they should eradicate the enemy within and secure the destiny of the revolution through the destruction of counter-revolutionary forces. They believed that by weeding out those who opposed the revolution, they could achieve their goals quickly and efficiently. The Girondins were not so quick to agree with the Jacobins, and so political deadlock begin to form in the Convention. It was not until after the September massacres, when 1200 prisoners were executed without trials, that Robespierre and his followers were able to justify their premise. They condemned the actions of the unruly mobs that caused the deaths of innocent Frenchmen and demanded that the Monarchy be abolished in order to eliminate as many of the royalists and monarchists that still remained. It was Marat with his want 100,000 heads to fall speeches that convinced the masses that those who were not in favour of the revolution had to be dealt with immediately or the revolution would never succeed. Once the Monarchy was abolished and France was declared a republic, Robespierre and the Jacobins proceeded to demand the execution of the last symbol of the old regime: Louis Capet. The Girondins begged for a stay of execution for the fallen King (in the name of constitutional Justice), but the moderate forces were overwhelmed by the people's support for the radicals and the fate of Louis remained unchanged. His death signified the beginning of a time when nationalism and radicalism would dominate the revolution. On March 10th, the Revolutionary Tribunal was created in order to prosecute the enemies of the revolution. Marat became a virtual Grim Reaper in searching out possible traitors and enemies of the republic. When the Committee on Public Safety was established on the 26th, Robespierre and his Jacobins were able to proudly look upon the reforms that they had injected into the political bloodstream of France. There was no turning back from the radical phase that the people had oluntarily entered and the momentum that the Jacobins had captured placed them in a position of highest authority and almost unlimited power. By the summer of 1793, the people of France began feeling that something had gone wrong, terribly wrong. In what would be known as the infamous

Monroe Doctrine Analysis essays

Monroe Doctrine Analysis essays Monroe Doctrine Analysis Position Paper In 1820, there were many successful revolts of most of Spains Latin American colonies, which caused a great diplomatic challenge for the newly elected President Monroe. With the growing spirit of nationalism in America, and many of the European countries wanting to reclaim their revolting Latin American colonies, Monroe was confused at to what should be done. Congress was pushing towards recognizing the new republics as nations independent from European control, while Monroe thought such a statement would ruin Americas neutral and peaceful ties with Europe, and impede any negotiations with them. But with much deliberation and thought the Monroe Doctrine was issued by America in 1823 , and supported by Great Britain not to simply protect the democratic countries of Latin America from further colonization and political control by European countries, but purely for their own political and economical benefits. For America, the Monroe Doctrine meant the establishment of stronger diplomatic ties with nations, and the reassurance to their right to more western territory. At the beginning of the decisions of issuing the Monroe doctrine, Congress argued that it was necessary for them to recognize these new republics, because they were simply following Americas footsteps. It was also argued that if they did not protect the independent nations from European control, it would directly end up hurting American trade and territorial expansion. If their independence was not recognized, it would contradict the validity of Americas own declaration of independence to the American people. Monroe hesitated to support these new countrys independence, for his worry that it would hurt negotiations with Spain about acquiring Florida. But in 1821, the Florida treaty was passed, so Monroe agreed to the establishment of diplomatic ties with t...

Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 25

Questions - Essay Example Nevertheless, it has lately been used in the making of E-Liquid for the electronic cigarettes, or the personal vaporizers.   Propylene glycol provides an exceptional combination of properties, such as not being readily reactive with some other substances. For a period of more than five decades, we find that it has been used in an extensive range of industrial and consumer applications, whereby it might be used as an agent of emulsification, humectant for the retaining of moisture or even solvent (LBERTY & SILBEY, 2009). Sodium acetate is the acetic acid’s sodium salt. There are several applications that sodium acetate are used. This is because it is a cost-effective chemical that can be used extensively. Some of its uses are application as picking agent and food addictive or even a laboratory reagent (PRESCOTT, 2006). In addition, it is a major ingredient in the portable, reusable heating packs that are

Leading by Example Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leading by Example - Assignment Example Politics entails making the masses believe on the candidate’s potential (Luce, 2008). As such, the society will hardly grant a candidate who lacks convincing words an opportunity to execute actions. This indicates that an action only strategy cannot proliferate well in the contemporary world dominated by the media and technology (Lattimer, 2009). Apparent evidence is the Obama campaigns and leadership. Obama’s appealing performance over the campaign was attributable to his strong media command (Lattimer, 2009). For instance, in his initial stages, he managed to beat Clinton by outshining her in media debates. As such, he was able to market his ideologies to the masses hence realizing considerable popularity. Importantly, we witness the influence of the media in the present leadership with the frequently scrutiny of the world’s leaders. Media provides an avenue through which the society can challenge leader’s actions. According to Shah (2012), leaders are presently investing heavily on media and only individuals capable of handling words’ politics comfortably will survive. Indeed, Luce (2008) affirms that the harsh challenges, which faced Clinton’s presidency during the eve of his tenure, undermined his popularity considerably. Evidently, the contemporary leaders cannot alienate their leadership career with the media influence hence understanding the position of the stage is a common tactics of

Changing of International Order in the Last Century Essay

Changing of International Order in the Last Century - Essay Example This paper argues that changes in international order were in a way that people attained more rights and powers over their day to day life, and states improved their international relations. In the first section, the paper will address various concepts of international order. Subsequent sections will discuss factors contributed to the international order change over the last century. International order changes Historically, it is observed that global countries depend on each other for trading activities, technological and education progress, and infrastructure development. The emergence of globalisation greatly contributed to increased interaction between global countries. Scholars opine that the concept of international order creates a link between economic and political dimensions as political stability significantly influences a country’s economic landscape. Generally, concepts of international order give specific focus to states and consider war as a vital evil to be exor cised. Evidently, wars can make notable changes to the international order. â€Å"One widespread notion of international order equates order with international stability, that is, stable, predictable and controlled relations between states, in which turbulence, chaos and violence are largely (though not necessarily completely) absent† (Maull, 2005, p.94). ... To illustrate, the constructivism theory connected the evolution of international order to international relations. As discussed earlier, wars can have a great influence on the international order. Evidently, the World Wars I & II notably changed the international order. Although the World War I was considered the ‘War to End All Wars’, it directly led to World War II. These two World Wars significantly fuelled the international order changes over the last century. Many authors opine that the interwar period was characterised with radical changes in the international order and it observed notable changes in the balance of power approach that had existed in the pre-World War I Europe. According to Ikenberry (2008), the World Wars led to the advent of the American era which in turn contributed to the formation of post-World War II international order. Throughout the post-World War II international order, an American dominance has been evident. Significant changes in the in ternational order over the last century can be attributed to many structural changes in the global context and other global developments. Evidently, changes in the Soviet Union and Europe were a prime cause for international order changes occurred during the last century. The changes in East-West relations emerged over the last century could be directly ascribed to Soviet Union, specifically the presidency exercised by Gorbachev. Sociologists point out that domestic reforms including ‘perestroika and glasnost’ executed by Gorbachev and Soviet foreign policy ‘new thinking’ markedly contributed to the development of a new international order. It is an undisputed fact that

Business Concept Rice Husk Electricity Production Environmental Sciences Essay

Business Concept Rice Husk Electricity Production Environmental Sciences Essay Most of us dont think much about organic refuse once disposed off. It is important to realize the importance of waste recycling, especially for power generation because it will pave way for preservation of the fast depleting natural resources. Organic materials from farm waste can very easily be treated to produce renewable energy. Biomass technologies make use of combustion processes for power generation and therefore can be harnessed at anytime unlike solar or wind energy which is dependent on natures whims. Ethanol can be extracted from crops which in turn is used to fuel cars powered by bio fuel and can also be used in producing electricity. Rice husk is generally used as solid fuel in combustion process by rice mills but around 50% still go waste. Many countries including Thailand, India, Bangladesh, Philippines use rice husk to produce electricity. These rise husks are used as fuel in small power generators that can be installed near factories and run by a small team. In Pakistan there are about 560 listed rice mills producing a large amount of waste in the form of rice husk which can be converted to producer gas by adapting simple technology of gasifiers and the equipment necessary for operations is cheap and can be easily procured locally. Hence, we are proposing the establishment of a business that will provide electricity by using rice husk that would otherwise be burned in the open air or left to decay. Biomass gasification system is being employed in order to generate electricity. Biomass gasification power generation  system adopts the draft-down fixed bed gasification furnace which saves electricity and operation is also convenient. Biomass gasification is a simple and relatively old process, in which biomass is heated to very high temperatures in an atmosphere of less than 1% oxygen. Under these conditions, it does not burn in flames, but turns into a producer gas. Next to the gasifier are four filters for cleaning tar and dust from the gas, and a generator in which the producer gas is used to drive a turbine and create electricity. Thats it. The plant proposed price is $1200 per KW. But the second hand plant is available at $600 per KW and $200 per KW is being charged to cover installment, structural changes etc. The total cost of building 200 KWH plant including set-up will be approximately Rs. 16 million. In 1st year the biomass gasifier plant is operated at average 70% capacity level. The projected cost of producing 1,176,000 KW/ year electricity will be approximately Rs 11 million that will yield income around Rs. 1,341,100. This project is very important from the Pakistan perspective. Pakistan has been facing an unprecedented energy crisis since the last several years. The problem becomes severe during the summers. Large numbers of users have to be disconnected from the energy supply system to prevent overloading the generating stations (load shedding). On occasions the urban dwellers had to suffer load shedding of 8-10 hours every day. During the same time rural consumers suffered it for up to 20 hours at a stretch. Such projects not only solve electricity problems, creates employment opportunities but also pave the way towards development. Throughout the world m of energy. It is a basic requirement for economic development and for an adequate standard of living. As a countrys population grows and its economy expands its demand for electrical energy multiplies. If this demand is not met adequately a shortage in supply occurs. 2.0 Introduction Every person is in the state of failure. Whether it is child who fails to get good marks in test or employee who has failed to achieve his target and get abominated by his boss whose business is suffering from losses. All this is happening in Pakistan because of one reason only, that is the electricity outages. Each day dozens of people are protesting on roads, outside the parliament, governor house, WAPDA, PEPCO to demand electricity round the clock. The role of electricity cannot be undermined in uplifting the economy of a country and improving the standard of living of its people. However many developing countries like Pakistan have been facing acute deficiency in electricity. Currently Pakistan is going through the crises of power outages causing destruction to our economy and increasing frustration amongst the people. At present, there is a dire need to explore alternative energy resources that are indigenous, cost effective, environmental friendly and quick to implement rather than just relying on dams that require long term construction process and heavy investments. The availability of heat and electricity forms an essential ingredient of a living society. The need for energy is ever increasing due to technological revolution occurring all over the globe. Hence, there is a pressing need to generate additional energy to bridge the supply demand gap. This calls for technologies, which is cost-effective and require less gestation period from conception to realization. Biomass is one such energy source that offers solutions matching the above requirements. Biomass has several aspects of utility in the society and there is substantive residue left unutilized after the societal needs are met with. Biomass is organic material, which has stored solar energy from sunlight in the form of chemical in the plants through the process called photosynthesis. Biomass fuels include agricultural wastes; crop Residues, Wood, Woody Waste Organic wastes etc. Unlike fossil fuels Biomass does not add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as it absorbs the same amount of carbon while growing. It is the cheapest, eco-friendly, renewable source of energy. Here we have a business plan to use indigenous alternate energy sources to generate electricity which is cost effective and quick to implement. Pakistan is a country of diverse ecology. Northern areas have rich reserves of pine trees littering their needles and foliage the years around and covering vast land with thick biomass. The cultivable plans of Punjab and Sindh are producing crops with biomass like rice husk, cotton waste, corn empty combs, shells of peanuts, almonds, apricot and dates, even household garbage which is thrown away. 2.1. Potential Benefits of Biomass: Reducing carbon emissions if managed (produced, transported, used) in a sustainable manner Enhancing energy security by diversifying energy sources utilizing local resources Reduced problem of biomass waste management Possible additional revenues for the agricultural and forestry sectors Biomass (plant matter) used to generate electricity with steam turbines and gasifiers or produce heat by direct combustion is a substitute for fossil fuels and has environmental and social-cost benefits. Combustion of waste has been used for many years as a way of reducing waste volume and neutralizing many of the potentially harmful elements within it. Combustion can only be used to create an energy source when heat recovery is included. Heat recovered from the combustion process can then be used to power turbines for electricity generation. The role of biomass in electricity production is very important by using wastes. According to Indian company the distribution and installation cost by using rice husk is around $1/W, one of the lowest in the world and replaces around 42,000 liters of kerosene and 18,000 liters of diesel per year. The company also claims that it plans to save about $50 million in two years by providing an alternative to kerosene and diesel. 2.2. Business Concept: RICE HUSK ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION Pakistan is an agricultural country producing large amount of agricultural residues annually from bagasse, rice husk, palm oil and wood waste, which have a high electricity potential. If these unexploited residues are utilized, the total potential of biomass fuel sources and also power production capacity of the nation would be doubled. Based on this forecast we are proposing to start a business that will generate electricity by means of rice husk- biomass. Rice is more than a staple for Pakistanis. It has a prominent place in most of rituals from the wedding to the funeral. To produce rice in milling process, rice husk is removed when passing through the process. Rice husk is the outer cover of rice that accounts for about 20% by weight of the rice. Rice husks, which are a waste product of the rice crop and found aplenty in villages, has been used as fodder for cattle and to make particle boards by a few wood-based companies. In the past, rice husk was mostly dumped as waste that caused waste disposal problem for the mills. Also, when rice husk is fermented by microorganisms, methane is emitted contributing to global warming problem. Rice husk is a fine and light particle and can cause breathing problems. Rice husk is generally used as solid fuel in combustion process by rice mills but around 50% still go waste. Many countries including Thailand, India, Bangladesh, Philippines use rice husk to produce electricity. These rise husks are used as fuel in small power generators that can be installed near factories and run by a small team. In Pakistan there are about 560 listed rice mills producing a large amount of waste in the form of rice husk which can be converted to producer gas by adapting simple technology of gasifiers and the equipment necessary for operations is cheap and can be easily procured locally. Hence, we are proposing the establishment of a business that will provide electricity by using rice husk that would otherwise be burned in the open air or left to decay. In order to avoid failure, the business will be started at the small scale by producing electricity for rice mill using rice husks. If we get successful we will extend our boundaries and use every biomass to generate electricity and make the country a self sufficient electricity generation country. This development will most certainly improve the living conditions of people, allowing them to experience better standards of living, and possibly giving them the chance to develop better sources of livelihood. It involves the construction and operation of a new rice husk power plant with approximately 200 KWh. The process allows rice husks to be substituted for fossil fuel. This novel way of producing electricity will provide a reliable supply and is cheaper than alternatives, translating to a savings of million liters of fuel oil per year and precious foreign exchange. Taking advantage of biomass also decreases air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions by reducing the quantity of fossil fuel burned 3.0 Description of venture We are proposing the establishment of a firm that will provide electricity at affordable price to industries and nearby residential areas. We are providing cheap electricity from rice husk at low rate. Rice husk is wasted in Pakistan but we can utilize it in producing electricity and its further waste (rice husk ash) can also be used in In rubber industry as reinforcing agent In cement industries Cosmetics In tooth pastes as anti-caking agents In water purifier as purifier The nature of our business will be partnership. Three principals would be involved each with their own share and contribution. The principals of this venture are fresh graduates of Management Sciences Department of Lahore College for Women University, Lahore. 3.1. Size of business The firm aims to start up its business at small scale catering only one region i.e. Gujranwala, Pakistan with a startup capital of 20 million. The small physical plant would be able to accommodate a small setup and the initial finance would be able to facilitate a small venture like this. After gaining success we can further try to provide electricity to different regions at low rates. 3.2. Plant equipment and personnel Our equipment divided into three parts Biomass gasifier Biomass purification system Generator 3.3. Availability of rice husk About 600 million tonnes of rice paddy was produced all over the world out of which an estimated 5.5 million tonnes was grown in Pakistan in 2005-06. Rice husk is the outer covering of the rice grain that is removed as a result of milling process on rice kernel. On average 20% of rice paddy is husk places the global estimate of the rice husk at 120 million tonnes. This means that in Pakistan alone, about 1.1 million tonnes of rice husk was generated in year 2005-06 [Bronzeoak Ltd, 2002 and Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan]. The amount of rice husk available depends on season and rice production capacity of the rice mill. If sometimes there are not enough rice husks from the Rice mill to meet the requirement, the power plant will buy from others rice mills within the province 3.4. Vision To lighten the ordinary peoples life 3.5. Mission Want to brighten peoples lives by providing affordable, local and sustainable energy solutions and promoting productive uses of agricultural wastes with the help of inimitable workforce 3.5. Objectives To provide cheap and environmental friendly energy solutions to the homes and industries of Pakistan To upgrade simple energy technology of rice husk in order to improve productivity of industries To reduce energy costs by substituting agricultural waste rice husk as bio fuel instead of costly fossil fuel 3.6. Keys to  success Following keys to success have been identified, that if they are followed, the likelihood of sustainable business and success will significantly increase: To offer products that are demanded by consumers To provide electricity at affordable prices To ensure 100% customer satisfaction by working 24/7/365. 4.0 Product Description Generating electricity from rice husk that is a outer cover of rice. The electricity we provide will be at lower rates than WAPDA. 4.1. Competitive Analysis The rice processing industry, through the implementation of plant can operate 24 hours a day, 346 days a year. The use of rice husks for fuel does not create competition with food crops since the rice husks would otherwise be agricultural waste 4.2. Environmental Friendly Biomass can be used for reduce greenhouse effect because trees absorb CO2 as they grow and this carbon is released when the biomass is combusted. Thus, the net amount of CO2 added to the atmosphere during energy production through the use of biomass over the entire life cycle is nearly zero. Also its combustion temperature is lower than fossil fuel combustion, it is anticipated that there will be lower NOx emissions. Since biomass contains little sulphur compared to coal, it is also expected that there will be lower SOx emissions. 4.3. Production Plan Biomass gasification plant is being employed in order to generate electricity. The production process starts with the continuous conveying of rice husks in a sequential order as follows: from the storage yard to the indoor storage, to the grinder, to the service silo and finally to the furnace chamber of a boiler. The process of gasification involves controlled burning of the biomass to produce a particular cocktail of gases, called the producer gas. This gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and a little bit of methane. Producer gas is a combustible gas. It is fed into a gas engine, which drives an alternator to produce electricity. Next to the gasifier are four filters for cleaning tar and dust from the gas, and a generator in which the producer gas is used to drive a turbine and create electricity. The design of the plant involved a lot of research and development, especially regarding the fuel feeding, combustion regulation and ash removal. Raw a nd hot producer gas could be used for meeting thermal needs or could be cooled and cleaned, and used in reciprocating engines or gas turbines for power generation. Biomass gasification power generation  system adopt the draft-down fixed bed gasification furnace which saves electricity and convenient. The engines and generator, electrical equipment should be arranged indoor, but other equipment can be arranged outdoor. The area of building for each 200KW generator unit is approximately 40-50m2. Through the above process, biomass gasification power generation converts various kinds of wastes into electricity, reducing pollution due to waste disposal and making better use of energy. 4.4. Feasibility Study According to analysis done by Southern Brazilian Rice Processing Cooperative Agriculture return on investment through Payback, or return on invested capital (one of the simplest indicators of investment that considers the time at which the project will pay the initial investment) is 3.86 years if they install micro power system. Rice husk electricity generation project is really successful in India. According to Indian website rice husk is burnt to produce enough energy for powering a turbine and producing electricity. As of now, there are 60 mini-rice husk powered electricity plants that light 25,000 households in different parts of the country. According to them production cost will be Rs. 2/K Wh. Any industry persons would be ready to have power at Rs. 2/KWh. India who has built its first plant in Bihar has extended his netwok in various villages. Moreover, Golden Rice Cambodia has invested $2 million in a rice-husk electricity plant in order to power local rice mills. In Thailand a pilot plant project of capacity 9.8 MW is installed and is successful. The project has been established since July 2000. In Thailand, a large portion of the electricity production is from fossil fuels causing concern for energy security as well as environmental emissions of CO2, SO2 and NOX. Biomass has been proposed as one of the alternative (renewable) energy sources of energy which can, to extent, offset the use of fossil fuels. Experts said that Pakistan has great potential to produce electricity from rice husk because it holds important place in rice producing countries (The nation, 8th June 2009). The use of husk power allows cheap electricity to reach homes without relying on expensive and polluting electricity imported from China. He also advised the rice mills to build up biomass power plants, which can be fuelled by rice husk and get output ranging from 100kw to 1.2MW for each unit of equipment. By utilizing of waste heat, the millers can get much steam that is useful for a rice mill, he maintained. The secret lies not in the biomass gasification system, which is so simple that even a person who cannot read and write can operate it with a little bit of training, (Indian website source) 5.0 Market Analysis 5.1. Industry Analysis WAPDA is the sole producer of electricity in Pakistan. It is providing electricity to the commercial as well as the residential areas. But unfortunately WAPDA performance is not good in the last two decades. According to Pepco, nationwide demand went beyond 16,337MW but the company could not manage more than 10,261MW leaving a shortfall of 6,070MW.Earlier, PEPCO had claimed that load shedding will be carrying out according to schedule. However, no schedule has been released so far and load shedding is carried out for 7 to 10 hours in the cities and for up to 15 hours in rural areas. Because of which industries are suffering loss and our economy is also going down and our exports are becoming less which further decreases balance of payments. Moreover, after frequent intervals the per unit price also increases that increases the cost of production and ultimately producer increase their prices and shifts their burden to consumers. 5.2. Market Segmentation The market segmentation for biomass gasifier electricity plant will provide electricity to the: Commercial areas Industrial zones The areas where are initially targeting is Gujranwala. The rationale of choosing this region is that Gujranwala possesses many rice mills that make availability of rice husk around the clock. Moreover, if in any year rice production decreases we can easily import rice husk from Narowal and Kasur where there are availability of rice mills. 5.3. Target market Nowadays in Pakistan the electricity consumption has been surpassed and supply of electricity is insufficient to meet the demand. Many industries have been shut down causing unemployment due to this critical situation. These industries use more amount of electricity due to which provision of electricity to households also affects badly. Industries should have their own separate setup for electricity generation instead of depending on government to provide them electricity. So the major targeted areas where we can provide electricity through rice husk are: Industries Households Commercial areas Industries: Industries especially the rice mills can get electricity at a very affordable price through biomass power production without relying on fossil fuel combustion. The small scale power plant will help to meet the needs of power of the specific factory. It will assist Pakistan sustainable growth to keep up with the industrialized world. Households: As the major source of electricity in Pakistan is WAPDA. Citizens cant do anything when the light has gone so all the routine and lifestyle of citizens get disturbed by this situation. Thats why by using biomass production plant we produced electricity so households also enlightened their houses and do their work freely. Commercial areas: Biomass production plant is able enough to provide electricity to majority of people. Commercial areas such as main bazaars, small outlets are also affected by the deficiency of electricity as their business stuck by the deficiency of electricity. So by producing electricity through rice husk we can make this situation better. Hence our target market is meeting the criteria of effective targeting which includes the following characteristics: The characteristics of the segments targeted are identifiable. The target market is sizeable enough to generate reasonable profits. Our target market is stable in terms of life styles and consumption patterns. Our market is accessible in an economical way. 5.4. Marketing Mix PRODUCT The company aim to produce electricity by using rice husk biomass gasifier plant. The conversion of plant material into energy takes place inside a biomass gasifier. So through this process more electricity will be produced. PRICING STRATEGY Cost pricing strategy will be used that is after determining the cost, profit will be added to decide at which price per unit electricity will be sold. We will charge different prices to residential and commercial areas. Rs. 9.90 per unit will be charged to residents and Rs. 13.90 per unit to industries. PLACE The power plant will be besides the rice mill so that transportation cost will be minimal. The areas where are initially targeting is Gujranwala. The rationale of choosing this region is that Gujranwala possesses many rice mills like Adil company, Agroman Crystal rice mill, Ahsan rice mill, Al Fajar rice mill, Al haidi rice mill, Al hameed rice mill, Al Riaz rice mill, Al Shauq Rice and processing mill etc. that make availability of rice husk around the clock. Moreover, if in any year rice production decreases we can easily take rice husk from Narowal and Kasur where there are availability of rice mills. So, availability of rice husk will not be a problem in this region. PROMOTION The basic marketing challenge is to come up with a cohesive campaign to attract rice millers to take electricity from our company. This can be achieved by a giving them a solid value proposition, that they can get reliable energy for substantially lower rates. We will make them see the comparison of prices between rice husk electricity and the alternatives that they have. 5.5. Analysis of competitors In Pakistan, WAPDA enjoys the monopoly in producing electricity at such a big scale. The main problem with WAPDA is that it has a high demand for electricity but its supply to its users is low. Because of its failure in providing electricity around the clock and continual increase in per unit electricity prices at frequent intervals many industries has built up their own power set-ups like Bahria town. But they arent our direct competitors. The primary reason is that our target market is different. We are targeting those areas that are getting electricity from WAPDA at high rates. We will provide them electricity at not only at cheaper rates but also the availability of electricity will be ensured around the clock. 5.6. Assessment of risk Main risk will be continuous supply of biomass and Climatic conditions. This can be mitigated by carrying out an in depth survey of the biomass availability in the area and ensuring that the plant can use a variety of biomass. 5.7. Internal Analysis Strengths The resources used for rice husk energy technology are mainly by-products that result minimal cost for the raw materials in electricity production. Rice husk technology is more reliable than the alternative energy sources. Unlike wind turbines and dams, it is not dependent on geographic areas Rice husk is also more strategic than other forms of biofuel because it does not take away materials that are still edible, unlike in corn or wheat fuel. A source of revenue is the sale of ash, a waste- product that emerges by using rice husk technology. Having this secure source of raw materials supports Pakistan to become more energy-independent Weaknesses: Shortage of raw material Low production of rice due to floods Latest technology not being used in Pakistan No government support. 7.0 Management Summary The organization will be led by three principals. 7.1. Authority of principals There will be equal authority among the principals. The signatures of at least 3 members would be required to take any decision financial or otherwise. 7.2. Roles and responsibilities of members of organization Mubeena Farasat will deal in accounting and finance Ayesha Aleem will deal in marketing Abeera Pervaiz will deal in technical and production 8.0 Financial Analysis 8.1. Statement of financing needed The amount of Rs. 20 million is used as a start up finance. This amount will cover the initial financial requirement for setting up a small production plant. The costs relating to the purchase of machinery and the setup; the physical place for operation; the contract with the firms for the regular supply of rice husk, fuel to burn the rice husk will be the major cost; also the hiring of human resource for operating the machinery is the cost that would be borne at the end of the month. Composition of Capital Plant and Machinery Purchase of machinery is the major decision as it requires heavy financing. Because of capital shortage manual feeding of rice husk is done instead of purchasing belt conveyor that can convey the material to the gasifier furnace. Our equipment is majorly divided into three parts, biomass gasifier, biomass purification system and generator. Major machinery may includes feeding machine, gas tank, gasifier furnace, purifier, filters, pipeline network etc The major supplier is Mr. Muhammad Duja, owner of Ducon Energy Management System having office at DHA Karachi. His proposed price is $1200 per KW. But the second hand plant is available at $600 per KW and $200 per KW is being charged to cover installment, structural changes etc. The total cost of building 200 KWH plant including set-up will be approximately Rs. 16 million (800ÃÆ'-100ÃÆ'-200). Capacity of plant The installed production capacity of the proposed unit would be 200 KWH eggs. However, the capacity utilization of 70% and 80% is envisaged during the first two years. Capacity utilization Per day Capacity 100% 70% 80% Electricity production 200 KWH 140 KWH 160 KWH Rice Husk 1680 tons 1176 tons 1344 tons Land A plot of around 3 kanal will be sufficient as the built-up area requirement is not more than 16 mrlas. Building would be taken on rent at Rs. 60,000 per month that will be around 720,000 lacs per annum or 0.72 million. Accessories Necessary furniture like tables, chairs, desks, storage cupboards; a small amount of stationary; water coolers, split a/cs in the office are required that will take approximately Rs. 5 lakhs for its arrangements. Vehicles Carriage Vans will be needed to bring rice husk to the desired location. Second hand vehicles will be purchased that will approximately cost Rs. 6 lakhs. 8.3. Manpower Requirement In order to execute the work, employees, labors are required. Particulars Quantity Rs Operation Manager 1 60,000 Machine Operators 2 40,000 Skilled workers 2 30,000 Unskilled workers 10 60,000 Guard 3 26,000 Clerks 4 26,000 Cost of Goods Sold RICE HUSK ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION Projected C0st of Services sold As of year ended 31 Dec, 2012 2012 2013 2014 Merchandise inventory opening 26,000 66,700 99,000 Add: Purchases 7,644,000   8,064,000 10,080,000 7,056,000   8,130,700 10,179,000 Add: Wages (116,000*12) 1,392,000 1,670,400 1,770,400 Rent expense (50,000*12) 720,000 720,000 720,000 Fuel charges 1,200,000   1,600,000 1,700,000 Miscellaneous 300,000 255,000 275,000 Cost of goods available for sale 10,668,000   12,376,100 14,644,400 Less: Merchandise inventory closing 66,700   99,000 127,000 Cost of goods sold 10,601,300   12,277,100 14,517,400 EXPLANATION In 1st year the biomass gasifier plant is operated at average 70% capacity level. So total rice husk needed in the first operating day will be 4 tons that will be purchased at a price of 26,000.The total rice husk purchased in the year will be around 7,644,000 (1176 tons ÃÆ'- Rs 6,500 per ton) needed in the year. Direct expenses may include the wages given to the labors that are breaking eggs and operating machines, rent that will be available at Rs. 60,000 p.m., fuel charges that will be outsource. Miscellaneous includes the transportation charges, cl

social research Essay -- essays research papers

Social Research Methods  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sahar Thariani Paper II   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Section 01 Introduction and Data Source   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Attending college is slowly changing from what was once considered a rare opportunity to a staple part of what constitutes an education today. As the number of colleges has also inflated, and means of attending college expanded, such as Internet based universities, the number of people attaining a higher-level education has also increased. This paper attempts to test and analyze fifty American states and conclude upon factors within states that may give an individual a better chance of being college educated. The three variables being tested in this research include median household income, race and Internet access. In order to do this, statistical data had to be gathered for all the states, these fifty being my unit of analysis. To ensure accurate results, the statistical data had to be collected from a reliable source. The numbers used as indicators of educational achievement and households with Internet access were obtained from the official website of the U.S Census Bureau. A governmental institution, well known for its detailed statistics on every state, provided a set of figures that would be most reliable. Data for median household income for each state and population distribution by gender was acquired by an organization referenced by Professor Hansell, an acclaimed sociologist. â€Å"State Health Facts online† supplied by the well-reputed Kaiser family Organization is a resource that contains the latest state-level data on demographics, health, and health policy. The website also has a section of raw data through which one may verify the statistics. Hypothesis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The aim of this study is to find issues within states that result in higher education levels, that is, factors that education is dependant upon. This makes education the dependant variable in this study. Higher education is usually expe... ...ome, again leading to higher Internet access, and one can envision a highly possible cycle. I feel that in the future it would be important to research the role of race in this cycle, and also find ways to prevent higher income states from going ahead while being in this cycle, and low income states from being denied a high education. International studies might be able to make a global understanding of the role earnings play towards getting an education. References Babbie, Earl (2001). The Practice of Social Research, 9th Edition. Belmont: Wadsworth United States Census Bureau (2002). â€Å"Education.† Statistical Abstract of the United States. Fact Sheet: [Online at http://www.census.gov]. United States Census Bureau (2002). â€Å"Information and Communications.† Statistical Abstract of the United States. Fact Sheet: [Online at http://www.census.gov]. Kaiser Family Foundation's State Health Facts Online, State Data 2000-2001 (U.S.2001). â€Å"Population Distribution by Race/Ethnicity.† [Online at http://statehealthfacts.kff.org]. Kaiser Family Foundation's State Health Facts Online, State Data 2000-2001 (U.S.2001). â€Å"Median Family Income† [Online at http://statehealthfacts.kff.org].