Uncertainty In The Hamlets Story - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 913 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/08 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Hamlet Essay William Shakespeare Essay Did you like this example? Literary composers often employ different tools to emphasize on their primary purposes. Writers often use the tools to meet their requirements and make a play appear dramatic or tragic. William Shakespeares play, Hamlet, is one of the most prominent works of its time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Uncertainty In The Hamlets Story" essay for you Create order Similar to its pioneers, the play is a tragedy that follows drama in the kingdom of Denmark. The main characters have constant conflict with themselves and one another. Shakespeare uses certain aspects of uncertainty to emphasize on the traits of his characters. Furthermore, the context of the story also introduces drama and suspense throughout the play until the tragic end. Although the play is full of tension, the end surprises the reader. Correctly, the writer uses the context, the ambiance, and the events to create uncertainty and magnify the behaviors of primary characters. The play follows the kingdom of Denmark at its peak of confusion since the king is deceased. Apparently, the kings brother, Claudius, marries his brothers wife, Gertrude moments after the death of the king. Therefore, when the prince returns to his home country, he is appalled by the events since he concludes that Claudius and Gertrude colluded to kill his father. Thus, he embarks on a mission to avenge his fathers death. A notable incident occurs at the initial act whereby the prince, Hamlet, sees a ghost of his father (Shakespeare 30). The ghost fuels the vengeance plot, and the prince tries to investigate the murder to affirm his suspicion. In the end, all characters in the play suffer a series of deaths due to the initial plan.The play is set at a time when the social and family constraints in the story create uncertainty; hence, characteristics of main actors are revealed. Main characters in the story include Hamlet, Gertrude, and Claudius. The context of this story is Denmark after the death of the beloved king, Hamlets father. Aside from the mysterious death of the king, the people are forced to embrace another leader before they can moan the previous ones. The people have lost a popular king, and his brother interrupts the lineage when he takes over the leadership, yet the kings son is still alive. At the time, the kings killer is unknown, and the people are afraid. The context shows that Hamlet is a defender and is passionate about avenging his fathers death. On the contrary, Gertrude and Claudius appear as insensitive individuals, greedy, and murderers of the king. The two marry moments after the king dies, which makes them suspects for the murder. In brief, the context creates tension and uncertainty in the play; therefore, it highlights the characteristics of Hamlet, Gertrude, and Claudius. The ambiance of the play also introduces uncertainty in the play and emphasizes the characteristics of the main characters. The mood of the play indicates tension within the family, individuals, and the social setting. Events and circumstances in the story create tension among the characters; for example, Gertrudes marriage to her husbands brother introduces awkwardness in the story. In this case, the servants and the public are expected to respect the royal family, but the marriage raises suspicions among people. Therefore, the reader is uncertain whethe r the two had an affair and killed the king or he died under different circumstances. Hamlets reaction to the marriage indicates that he is skeptical about women including Ophelia (Shakespeare 59). The mood of the play shows Hamlets judgmental character when he confronts his mother about the marriage. Gertrude and her new husband appear inconsiderate and insensitive as they wed immediately after the death of the king. Markedly, the ambiance of the story is grim, and it emphasizes the uncertainty and characteristics of Hamlet, Gertrude, and Claudius.Besides the ambiance, the plot emphasizes uncertainty and characteristics of Hamlet, Gertrude, and Claudius. As the story begins, the prince feels depressed and commits a series of heinous acts. The prince says that the ghost of the king encourages him to avenge the death. In the story, the prince questions the credibility of the ghost when he fails to gather enough evidence on the matter. As the plot unfolds, Shakespeare introduces a play within a play, and the kings reaction confirms the princes suspicions. Claudiuss manipulations make Ophelias brother seek vengeance for his fathers death; in this regard, all major characters die. The plot introduces uncertainty through the odd occurrences. At the same time, the writer uses the uncertainty from the plot to portray Hamlet as a patient and cunning individual. Shakespeare also uses the plot to introduce uncertainty that portrays Claudius as a killer. Shakespeare uses the plot, ambiance, and the context to introduce uncertainty and emphasize on the characteristics of the three main characters, namely Hamlet, Gertrude, and Claudius. The context is a kingdom where the king has died, and no one knows the cause of his death. Such an uncertain setting portrays Hamlet as a passionate individual while the new king and queen appear greedy and potential killers. Next, the author uses ambiance to introduce uncertainty while the prince appears judgemental, the new rulers appear insensitive and inconsiderate. Lastly, the plot appears unpredictable and confusing since matters escalate fast. In this regard, Hamlet appears patient and cunning since he plans his fathers vengeance while he deceives the other characters. The new rulers appear to have conspired to kill the king. Markedly, Shakespeare uses the three elements to maintain uncertainty in the story, and emphasize on the traits of Hamlet, the new king, and queen.

Childhood Obesity Is It The Enemy - 869 Words

Childhood Obesity has become a topic of national concern. There has been an extremely rapid increase in the number of obese children in the recent years. The percentage of obese children from the age of 6-11 has increased from 7% to 18% and for adolescents age 12-19, a 5% to 21% in a short span of about 30 years. This epidemic has grown to such a high number that it had been brought to the attention Michelle Obama, the First Lady of America, who then created a plan to try to end this Childhood Obesity Epidemic in 2010. So, what is the cause of this new and uprising epidemic? Among the articles that I’ve come across, researchers have begun to link the source to the lack of exercise and fast food establishments. My first read was â€Å"Fast food – Is it the Enemy?† by Sarah Muntel, who is a registered dietician. Sarah began with a list of a de-constructed meal from various fast food chains and labels them with the nutritional facts such as the calorie and fat amount in each item, to where she then determines â€Å"you could easily take in 1,500 calories from just one meal alone,† which is roughly the recommended caloric intake for an American per day! She then goes on to explain that in the past, the people did not have the pleasure of picking up a pre-made convenient meal, rather they had to personally spend time and energy to prepare their own meals, but because â€Å"most Americans are overscheduled and overcommitted† they fall victim to the easy way out by picking a â€Å"cheap† and easy mealShow MoreRelatedOverweight, and Obesity are Results of Calorie Imbalance779 Words   |  3 Pagesfrom water, bones, muscles, fat or a mixture of them all. Obesity is defined as having excess body fat, they both are results of calorie imbalance. Within the last 30 years adult as well as childhood obesity has increased significantly. Pediatric obesity has become an epidemic within the last 20 years. At the present time 31% of adults and 18% of children are obese. Body Mass Index is used to diagnose a child as being obese. Most often obesity represents an improper balance in calories ingested andRead MorePersuasive Essay On Fast Food986 Words   |  4 PagesIt is all too easy to blame a person’s eating habits for their health problems such as obesity and diabetes, but if one were to take a step back and look at the big picture of that person’s life they would quickly understand it is not entirely that person’s fault. In a society that highly values speed and efficiency, fast food has quickly become a popular choice thanks to its ability to provide quick meals at low prices. This popularity has made it possible for fast food restaurants to dominate theRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1318 Words   |  6 PagesObesity Epidemic Due to Fast Food or Something More Obesity is rising at a rapid rate here in the United States, especially childhood obesity. The obesity epidemic is one of the country’s most serious health problems. Adult obesity rates have doubled since 1980 from 15 to 30 percent, while childhood obesity rates have more than tripled. Is there a link in obesity and fast food eating? Are fast food restaurants to blame for our nation’s obesity issues? Or are we ourselves and our lack of knowledgeRead MoreEssay about Fast Food is Destroying America1477 Words   |  6 PagesCoronary Artery Disease is a type of heart disease and the most common cause of heart attacks. Plaque from eating unhealthy foods, builds up in the arteries, the arteries harden and begin to become narrow and can cause chest pain and heart attacks. â€Å"Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problem s.† The environment is affected by the fast food industryRead MoreThe Sugar Craze And Its Effects On Society s Health1260 Words   |  6 PagesSugar, the thing that makes everything sweet; or so it should more aptly be named: the inescapable ingredient. Sugar was first added to many non-sweet foods as a substitute for fat. Fat, being viewed as the enemy was removed from many products as a â€Å"healthier option† and to keep that same good taste, the missing fat was replaced with sugar. Recent research has shown that this decision could have ultimately been the cause for many of society’s modern ailments. The abundance of sugar present in today’sRead MoreObesity And The Rate Of Children Obesity1585 Words   |  7 Pages the continuous rising in the rate of children obesity in America is worrisome. According to the centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the rate of children obesity rise from 7% in 1980 to 12% in the course of twenty years. Many people might not compare obesity to other problems happening in the world, and deem it as important, but what they do not understand is the detrimental consequences of this epidemic on each individual facing it. Obesity can affect more than the physical attributes ofRead MoreFat Tax On Junk Food930 Words   |  4 Pagesmilk, processed foods, pizza, soda, and candy. The purpose of such a tax is to deter consumers from purchasing these unhealthy foods and lower the obesity rate. According to Ogden, Carroll, Kit and Flegal (2014), â€Å"prevalence of obesity in the United States is high, with one-third of adults and 17% of children obese† (â€Å"Prevalence of Childhood Obesity in the United States†, 2014).The number of obese children is alarming, albeit, significant measures have been taken in schools to provide healthierRead MoreFast Food : An Alternative Food Source1080 Words   |  5 Pagesadults are severely obese† (Loonin). Obesity can be caused by many factors, some people have slower metabolism, some people just eat too much food, and some people don t exercise enough. â€Å"Let’s think back to the pioneer days. People had to plant their crops, tend to their animals and cook foods from scratch. There were no box mixes or pre-made items. Meals had to be planned ahead every day. People really had to work for their food Coincidentally, the obesity rates were much less years ago.† (Muntel)Read MoreAlternative Ways To Defeat Obesity Essay1375 Words   |  6 PagesFinding Alternative Ways To Defeat Obesity When Mcdonalds, Wendys, and Burger King and other fast-food industries opened their doors, the number of young adults that are considered obese have dramatically increased like the speed of light every year. Moreover, obesity is described as a condition where the body stores unnecessary fat. Obesity is the leading cause of death due to the consumption of unhealthy food on a daily basis. In fact, it is responsible of heart disease, diabetes, and it causesRead MoreFast Food : An Alternative Food Source1080 Words   |  5 Pagesadults are severely obese† (Loonin). Obesity can be caused by many factors, some people have slower metabolism, some people just eat too much food, and some people don t exercise enough. â€Å"Let’s think back to the pioneer days. People had to plant their crops, tend to their animals and cook foods from scratch. There were no box mixes or pre-made items. Meals had to be planned ahead every day. People really had to work for their food Coincidentally, the obesity rates were much less years ago.† (Muntel)

Chapter 2 Aunt Marge’s Big Mistake Free Essays

string(45) " I wanted to come,† said Harry coldly\." Harry went down to breakfast the next morning to find the three Dursleys already sitting around the kitchen table. They were watching a brand-new television, a welcome-home-for-the-summer present for Dudley, who had been complaining loudly about the long walk between the fridge and the television in the living room. Dudley had spent most of the summer in the kitchen, his piggy little eyes fixed on the screen and his five chins wobbling as he ate continually. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 2 Aunt Marge’s Big Mistake or any similar topic only for you Order Now Harry sat down between Dudley and Uncle Vernon, a large, beefy man with very little neck and a lot of mustache. Far from wishing Harry a happy birthday, none of the Dursleys made any sign that they had noticed Harry enter the room, but Harry was far too used to this to care. He helped himself to a piece of toast and then looked up at the reporter on the television, who was halfway through a report on an escaped convict. â€Å"†¦the public is warned that Black is armed and extremely dangerous. A special hot line has been set up, and any sighting of Black should be reported immediately.† â€Å"No need to tell us he’s no good,† snorted Uncle Vernon, staring over the top of his newspaper at the prisoner. â€Å"Look at the state of him, the filthy layabout! Look at his hair!† He shot a nasty look sideways at Harry, whose untidy hair had always been a source of great annoyance to Uncle Vernon. Compared to the man on the television, however, whose gaunt face was surrounded by a matted, elbow-length tangle, Harry felt very well groomed indeed. The reporter had reappeared. â€Å"The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries will announce today –â€Å" â€Å"Hang on!† barked Uncle Vernon, staring furiously at the reporter. â€Å"You didn’t tell us where that maniac’s escaped from! What use is that? Lunatic could be coming up the street right now!† Aunt Petunia, who was bony and horse-faced, whipped around and peered intently out of the kitchen window. Harry knew Aunt Petunia would simply love to be the one to call the hot line number. She was the nosiest woman in the world and spent most of her life spying on the boring, law-abiding neighbors. â€Å"When will they learn,† said Uncle Vernon, pounding the table with his large purple fist, â€Å"that hanging’s the only way to deal with these people?† â€Å"Very true,† said Aunt Petunia, who was still squinting into next door’s runner-beans. Uncle Vernon drained his teacup, glanced at his watch, and added, â€Å"I’d better be off in a minute, Petunia. Marge’s train gets in at ten.† Harry, whose thoughts had been upstairs with the Broomstick Servicing Kit, was brought back to earth with an unpleasant bump. â€Å"Aunt Marge?† he blurted out. â€Å"Sh-she’s not coming here, is she?† Aunt Marge was Uncle Vernon’s sister. Even though she was not a blood relative of Harry’s (whose mother had been Aunt Petunia’s sister), he had been forced to call her ‘Aunt’ all his life. Aunt Marge lived in the country, in a house with a large garden, where she bred bulldogs. She didn’t often stay at Privet Drive, because she couldn’t bear to leave her precious dogs, but each of her visits stood out horribly vividly in Harry’s mind. At Dudley’s fifth birthday party, Aunt Margo had whacked Harry around the shins with her walking stick to stop him from beating Dudley at musical statues. A few years later, she had turned up at Christmas with a computerized robot for Dudley and a box of dog biscuits for Harry. On her last visit, the year before Harry started at Hogwarts, Harry had accidentally trodden on the tail of her favorite dog. Ripper had chased Harry out into the garden and up a tree, and Aunt Marge had refused to call him off until past midnight. The memory of this incident still brought tears of laughter to Dudley’s eyes. â€Å"Marge’ll be here for a week,† Uncle Vernon snarled, â€Å"and while we’re on the subject,† he pointed a fat finger threateningly at Harry, â€Å"we need to get a few things straight before I go and collect her.† Dudley smirked and withdrew his gaze from the television. Watching Harry being bullied by Uncle Vernon was Dudley’s favorite form of entertainment. â€Å"Firstly,† growled Uncle Vernon, â€Å"you’ll keep a civil tongue in your head when you’re talking to Marge.† â€Å"All right,† said Harry bitterly, â€Å"if she does when she’s talking to me.† â€Å"Secondly,† said Uncle Vernon, acting as though he had not heard Harry’s reply, â€Å"as Marge doesn’t know anything about your abnormality, I don’t want any — any funny stuff while she’s here. You behave yourself, got me?† â€Å"I will if she does,† said Harry through gritted teeth. â€Å"And thirdly,† said Uncle Vernon, his mean little eyes now slits in his great purple face, â€Å"we’ve told Marge you attend St. Brutus’s Secure Center for Incurably Criminal Boys.† â€Å"What?† Harry yelled. â€Å"And you’ll be sticking to that story, boy, or there’ll be trouble,† spat Uncle Vernon. Harry sat there, white-faced and furious, staring at Uncle Vernon, hardly able to believe it. Aunt Marge coming for a weeklong visit — it was the worst birthday present the Dursleys had ever given him, including that pair of Uncle Vernon’s old socks. â€Å"Well, Petunia,† said Uncle Vernon, getting heavily to his feet, â€Å"I’ll be off to the station, then. Want to come along for the ride, Dudders?† â€Å"No,† said Dudley, whose attention had returned to the television now that Uncle Vernon had finished threatening Harry. â€Å"Duddy’s got to make himself smart for his auntie,† said Aunt Petunia, smoothing Dudley’s thick blond hair. â€Å"Mummy’s bought him a lovely new bow-tie.† Uncle Vernon clapped Dudley on his porky shoulder. â€Å"See you in a bit, then,† he said, and he left the kitchen. Harry, who had been sitting in a kind of horrified trance, had a sudden idea. Abandoning his toast, he got quickly to his feet and followed Uncle Vernon to the front door. Uncle Vernon was pulling on his car coat. â€Å"I’m not taking you,† he snarled as he turned to see Harry watching him. â€Å"Like I wanted to come,† said Harry coldly. You read "Chapter 2 Aunt Marge’s Big Mistake" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"I want to ask you something.† Uncle Vernon eyed him suspiciously. â€Å"Third years at Hog — at my school are allowed to visit the village sometimes,† said Harry. â€Å"So?† snapped Uncle Vernon, taking his car keys from a hook next to the door. â€Å"I need you to sign the permission form,† said Harry in a rush. â€Å"And why should I do that?† sneered Uncle Vernon. â€Å"Well,† said Harry, choosing his words carefully, â€Å"it’ll be hard work, pretending to Aunt Marge I go to that St. Whatsits†¦.† â€Å"St. Brutus’s Secure Center for Incurably Criminal Boys!† bellowed Uncle Vernon, and Harry was pleased to hear a definite note of panic in Uncle Vernon’s voice. â€Å"Exactly,† said Harry, looking calmly up into Uncle Vernon’s large, purple face. â€Å"It’s a lot to remember. I’ll have to make it sound convincing, won’t I? What if I accidentally let something slip?† â€Å"You’ll get the stuffing knocked out of you, won’t you?† roared Uncle Vernon, advancing on Harry with his fist raised. But Harry stood his ground. â€Å"Knocking the stuffing out of me won’t make Aunt Marge forget what I could tell her,† he said grimly. Uncle Vernon stopped, his fist still raised, his face an ugly puce. â€Å"But if you sign my permission form,† Harry went on quickly, â€Å"I swear Ill remember where I’m supposed to go to school, and Ill act like a Mug — like I’m normal and everything.† Harry could tell that Uncle Vernon was thinking it over, even if his teeth were bared and a vein was throbbing in his temple. â€Å"Right,† he snapped finally. â€Å"I shall monitor your behavior carefully during Marge’s visit. If, at the end of it, you’ve toed the line and kept to the story, Ill sign your ruddy form.† He wheeled around, pulled open the front door, and slammed it so hard that one of the little panes of glass at the top fell out. Harry didn’t return to the kitchen. He went back upstairs to his bedroom. If he was going to act like a real Muggle, heed better start now. Slowly and sadly he gathered up all his presents and his birthday cards and hid them under the loose floorboard with his homework. Then he went to Hedwig’s cage. Errol seemed to have recovered; he and Hedwig were both asleep, heads under their wings. Harry sighed, then poked them both awake. â€Å"Hedwig,† he said gloomily, â€Å"you’re going to have to clear off for a week. Go with Errol. Ron’ll look after you. Ill write him a note, explaining. And don’t look at me like that† — Hedwig’s large amber eyes were reproachful — â€Å"it’s not my fault. It’s the only way I’ll be allowed to visit Hogsmeade with Ron and Hermione.† Ten minutes later, Errol and Hedwig (who had a note to Ron bound to her leg) soared out of the window and out of sight. Harry, now feeling thoroughly miserable, put the empty cage away inside the wardrobe. But Harry didn’t have long to brood. In next to no time, Aunt Petunia was shrieking up the stairs for Harry to come down and get ready to welcome their guest. â€Å"Do something about your hair!† Aunt Petunia snapped as he reached the hall. Harry couldn’t see the point of trying to make his hair lie flat. Aunt Marge loved criticizing him, so the untidier he looked, the happier she would be. All too soon, there was a crunch of gravel outside as Uncle Vernon’s car pulled back into the driveway, then the clunk of the car doors and footsteps on the garden path. â€Å"Get the door!† Aunt Petunia hissed at Harry. A feeling of great gloom in his stomach, Harry pulled the door open. On the threshold stood Aunt Marge. She was very like Uncle Vernon: large, beefy, and purple-faced, she even had a mustache, though not as bushy as his. In one hand she held an enormous suitcase, and tucked under the other was an old and evil-tempered bulldog. â€Å"Where’s my Dudders?† roared Aunt Marge. â€Å"Where’s my neffy poo?† Dudley came waddling down the hall, his blond hair plastered flat to his fat head, a bow tie just visible under his many chins. Aunt Marge thrust the suitcase into Harry’s stomach, knocking the wind out of him, seized Dudley in a tight one-armed hug, and planted a large kiss on his cheek. Harry knew perfectly well that Dudley only put up with Aunt Marge’s hugs because he was well paid for it, and sure enough, when they broke apart, Dudley had a crisp twenty-pound note clutched in his fat fist. â€Å"Petunia!† shouted Aunt Marge, striding past Harry as though he was a hat-stand. Aunt Marge and Aunt Petunia kissed, or rather, Aunt Marge bumped her large jaw against Aunt Petunias bony cheekbone. Uncle Vernon now came in, smiling jovially as he shut the door. â€Å"Tea, Marge?† he said. â€Å"And what will Ripper take?† â€Å"Ripper can have some tea out of my saucer,† said Aunt Marge as they all proceeded into the kitchen, leaving Harry alone in the hall with the suitcase. But Harry wasn’t complaining; any excuse not to be with Aunt Marge was fine by him, so he began to heave the case upstairs into the spare bedroom, taking as long as he could. By the time he got back to the kitchen, Aunt Marge had been supplied with tea and fruitcake, and Ripper was lapping noisily in the corner. Harry saw Aunt Petunia wince slightly as specks of tea and drool flecked her clean floor. Aunt Petunia hated animals. â€Å"Who’s looking after the other dogs, Marge?† Uncle Vernon asked. â€Å"Oh, I’ve got Colonel Fubster managing them,† boomed Aunt Marge. â€Å"He’s retired now, good for him to have something to do. But I couldn’t leave poor old Ripper. He pines if he’s away from me.† Ripper began to growl again as Harry sat down. This directed Aunt Marge’s attention to Harry for the first time. â€Å"So!† she barked. â€Å"Still here, are you?† â€Å"Yes,† said Harry. â€Å"Don’t you say â€Å"yes† in that ungrateful tone,† Aunt Marge growled. â€Å"It’s damn good of Vernon and Petunia to keep you. Wouldn’t have done it myself. You’d have gone straight to an orphanage if you’d been dumped on my doorstep.† Harry was bursting to say that he’d rather live in an orphanage than with the Dursleys, but the thought of the Hogsmeade form stopped him. He forced his face into a painful smile. â€Å"Don’t you smirk at me!† boomed Aunt Marge. â€Å"I can see you haven’t improved since I last saw you. I hoped school would knock some manners into you.† She took a large gulp of tea, wiped her mustache, and said, â€Å"Where is it that you send him, again, Vernon?† â€Å"St. Brutus’s,† said Uncle Vernon promptly. â€Å"It’s a first-rate institution for hopeless cases.† â€Å"I see,† said Aunt Marge. â€Å"Do they use the cane at St. Brutus’s, boy?† she barked across the table. â€Å"Er –â€Å" Uncle Vernon nodded curtly behind Aunt Marge’s back. â€Å"Yes,† said Harry. Then, feeling he might as well do the thing properly, he added, â€Å"All the time.† â€Å"Excellent,† said Aunt Marge. â€Å"I won’t have this namby-pamby, wishy-washy nonsense about not hitting people who deserve it. A good thrashing is what’s needed in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred. Have you been beaten often?† â€Å"Oh, yeah,† said Harry, â€Å"loads of times.† Aunt Marge narrowed her eyes. â€Å"I still don’t like your tone, boy,† she said. â€Å"If you can speak of your beatings in that casual way, they clearly aren’t hitting you hard enough. Petunia, I’d write if I were you. Make it clear that you approve the use of extreme force in this boy’s case.† Perhaps Uncle Vernon was worried that Harry might forget their bargain; in any case, he changed the subject abruptly. â€Å"Heard the news this morning, Marge? What about that escaped prisoner, eh?† ****** As Aunt Marge started to make herself at home, Harry caught himself thinking almost longingly of life at number four without her. Uncle Vernon and Aunt Petunia usually encouraged Harry to stay out of their way, which Harry was only too happy to do. Aunt Marge, on the other hand, wanted Harry under her eye at all times, so that she could boom out suggestions for his improvement. She delighted in comparing Harry with Dudley, and took huge pleasure in buying Dudley expensive presents while glaring at Harry, as though daring him to ask why he hadn’t got a present too. She also kept throwing out dark hints about what made Harry such an unsatisfactory person. â€Å"You mustn’t blame yourself for the way the boy’s turned out, Vernon,† she said over lunch on the third day. â€Å"If there’s something rotten on the inside, there’s nothing anyone can do about it.† Harry tried to concentrate on his food, but his hands shook and his face was starting to burn with anger. Remember the form, he told himself. Think about Hogsmeade. Don’t say anything. Don’t rise — Aunt Marge reached for her glass of wine. â€Å"It’s one of the basic rules of breeding,† she said. â€Å"You see it all the time with dogs. If there’s something wrong with the bitch, there’ll be something wrong with the pup –â€Å" At that moment, the wineglass Aunt Marge was holding exploded in her hand. Shards of glass flew in every direction and Aunt Marge sputtered and blinked, her great ruddy face dripping. â€Å"Marge!† squealed Aunt Petunia. â€Å"Marge, are you all right?† â€Å"Not to worry,† grunted Aunt Marge, mopping her face with her napkin. â€Å"Must have squeezed it too hard. Did the same thing at Colonel Fubster’s the other day. No need to fuss, Petunia, I have a very firm grip†¦.† But Aunt Petunia and Uncle Vernon were both looking at Harry suspiciously, so he decided he’d better skip dessert and escape from the table as soon as he could. Outside in the hall, he leaned against the wall, breathing deeply. It had been a long time since he’d lost control and made something explode. He couldn’t afford to let it happen again. The Hogsmeade form wasn’t the only thing at stake — if he carried on like that, he’d be in trouble with the Ministry of Magic. Harry was still an underage wizard, and he was forbidden by wizard law to do magic outside school. His record wasn’t exactly clean either. Only last summer he’d gotten an official warning that had stated quite clearly that if the Ministry got wind of any more magic in Privet Drive, Harry would face expulsion from Hogwarts. He heard the Dursleys leaving the table and hurried upstairs out of the way. ****** Harry got through the next three days by forcing himself to think about his Handbook of Do-It-Yourself Broomcare whenever Aunt Marge started on him. This worked quite well, though it seemed to give him a glazed look, because Aunt Marge started voicing the opinion that he was mentally subnormal. At last, at long last, the final evening of Marge’s stay arrived. Aunt Petunia cooked a fancy dinner and Uncle Vernon uncorked several bottles of wine. They got all the way through the soup and the salmon without a single mention of Harry’s faults; during the lemon meringue pie, Uncle Vernon bored them a with a long talk about Grunnings, his drill-making company; then Aunt Petunia made coffee and Uncle Vernon brought out a bottle of brandy. â€Å"Can I tempt you, Marge?† Aunt Marge had already had quite a lot of wine. Her huge face was very red. â€Å"Just a small one, then,† she chuckled. â€Å"A bit more than that†¦and a bit more†¦that’s the ticket.† Dudley was eating his fourth slice of pie. Aunt Petunia was sipping coffee with her little finger sticking out. Harry really wanted to disappear into his bedroom, but he met Uncle Vernon’s angry little eyes and knew he would have to sit it out. â€Å"Aah,† said Aunt Marge, smacking her lips and putting the empty brandy glass back down. â€Å"Excellent nosh, Petunia. It’s normally just a fry-up for me of an evening, with twelve dogs to look after†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She burped richly and patted her great tweed stomach. â€Å"Pardon me. But I do like to see a healthy-sized boy,† she went on, winking at Dudley. â€Å"You’ll be a proper-sized man, Dudders, like your father. Yes, I’ll have a spot more brandy, Vernon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Now, this one here –â€Å" She jerked her head at Harry, who felt his stomach clench. The Handbook, he thought quickly. â€Å"This one’s got a mean, runty look about him. You get that with dogs. I had Colonel Fubster drown one last year. Ratty little thing it was. Weak. Underbred.† Harry was trying to remember page twelve of his book: A Charm to Cure Reluctant Reversers. â€Å"It all comes down to blood, as I was saying the other day. Bad blood will out. Now, I’m saying nothing against your family, Petunia† — she patted Aunt Petunia’s bony hand with her shovel-like one â€Å"but your sister was a bad egg. They turn up in the best families. Then she ran off with a wastrel and here’s the result right in front of us.† Harry was staring at his plate, a funny ringing in his ears. Grasp your broom firmly by the tail, he thought. But he couldn’t remember what came next. Aunt Marge’s voice seemed to be boring into him like one of Uncle Vernon’s drills. â€Å"This Potter,† said Aunt Marge loudly, seizing the brandy bottle and splashing more into her glass and over the tablecloth, â€Å"you never told me what he did?† Uncle Vernon and Aunt Petunia were looking extremely tense. Dudley had even looked up from his pie to gape at his parents. â€Å"He — didn’t work,† said Uncle Vernon, with half a glance at Harry. â€Å"Unemployed.† â€Å"As I expected!† said Aunt Marge, taking a huge swig of brandy and wiping her chin on her sleeve. â€Å"A no-account, good-for-nothing, lazy scrounger who –â€Å" â€Å"He was not,† said Harry suddenly. The table went very quiet. Harry was shaking all over. He had never felt so angry in his life. â€Å"MORE BRANDY!† yelled Uncle Vernon, who had gone very white. He emptied the bottle into Aunt Marge’s glass. â€Å"You, boy,† he snarled at Harry. â€Å"Go to bed, go on –â€Å" â€Å"No, Vernon,† hiccuped Aunt Marge, holding up a hand, her tiny bloodshot eyes fixed on Harry’s. â€Å"Go on, boy, go on. Proud of your parents, are you? They go and get themselves killed in a car crash (drunk, I expect) –â€Å" â€Å"They didn’t die in a car crash!† said Harry, who found himself on his feet. â€Å"They died in a car crash, you nasty little liar, and left you to be a burden on their decent, hardworking relatives!† screamed Aunt Marge, swelling with fury. â€Å"You are an insolent, ungrateful little –â€Å" But Aunt Marge suddenly stopped speaking. For a moment, it looked as though words had failed her. She seemed to be swelling with inexpressible anger — but the swelling didn’t stop. Her great red face started to expand, her tiny eyes bulged, and her mouth stretched too tightly for speech — next second, several buttons had just burst from her tweed jacket and pinged off the walls — she was inflating like a monstrous balloon, her stomach bursting free of her tweed waistband, each of her fingers blowing up like a salami†¦ â€Å"MARGE!† yelled Uncle Vernon and Aunt Petunia together as Aunt Marge’s whole body began to rise off her chair toward the ceiling. She was entirely round, now, like a vast life buoy with piggy eyes, and her hands and feet stuck out weirdly as she drifted up into the air, making apoplectic popping noises. Ripper came skidding into the room, barking madly. â€Å"NOOOOOOO!† Uncle Vernon seized one of Marge’s feet and tried to pull her down again, but was almost lifted from the floor himself. A second later, Ripper leapt forward and sank his teeth into Uncle Vernon’s leg. Harry tore from the dining room before anyone could stop him, heading for the cupboard under the stairs. The cupboard door burst magically open as he reached it. In seconds, he had heaved his trunk to the front door. He sprinted upstairs and threw himself under the bed, wrenching up the loose floorboard, and grabbed the pillowcase full of his books and birthday presents. He wriggled out, seized Hedwig’s empty cage, and dashed back downstairs to his trunk, just as Uncle Vernon burst out of the dining room, his trouser leg in bloody tatters. â€Å"COME BACK IN HERE!† he bellowed. â€Å"COME BACK AND PUT HER RIGHT!† But a reckless rage had come over Harry. He kicked his trunk open, pulled out his wand, and pointed it at Uncle Vernon. â€Å"She deserved it,† Harry said, breathing very fast. â€Å"She deserved what she got. You keep away from me.† He fumbled behind him for the latch on the door. â€Å"I’m going,† Harry said. â€Å"I’ve had enough.† And in the next moment, he was out in the dark, quiet street, heaving his heavy trunk behind him, Hedwig’s cage under his arm. How to cite Chapter 2 Aunt Marge’s Big Mistake, Essay examples

Debut Albums and Child free essay sample

This is a small play depicting the importance of unity. Here is an old man in a village. He has 4 children. He is worried because his children are always fighting among themselves. Scene: All the children are fighting with each other. Child 1: Father, he (II) does not work at all. He Is very lazy. Child 2: You are lazy and cunning. I hate you. Father, I dont want to live with him, Child 3: Father, he always takes away my things.Child 4: Dont lie in front of father. Father, he is a liar. Father: Children II Enough. For God sake stop flitting. Come here. (They all come near him) Father: Each one of you go and get a stick from our backyard. (They all come back with a stick) Together: Father, we have the sticks. Father: Now, break them in to pieces. Children: Yes, we did. That was so easy. Father: Now, tie all those pieces together with a string. We will write a custom essay sample on Debut Albums and Child or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Children: Here it is ready. Father: Now try to break it. Children: Father!! Its not breaking. Its strong now. Father: All of you learn from this simple example. You could break them when they were single but could not even bend them when they were together.

Radical Stage Of The French Revolution Essays - French Revolution

Radical Stage Of The French Revolution The Radical Stage of The French Revolution (1792-1793) By the end of 1971, Europe was preparing to witness the end of a seemingly triumphant revolution in France. The country was restructuring its government in a forceful and bloodless manner, while the tyrant King Louis the XVI agreed to the demands of the masses (albeit without much choice). However, due to the fanatical aspirations of men such as Danton, Marat and Robespierre,it would be only a matter of months before the moderate stage of social and political reform was transformed into a radical phase of barbaric and violent force. In their quest for freedom, equality and fraternity, the leaders of the Jacobins inadvertently turned the revolution into an oligarchic dictatorship that threatened to destroy all that was achieved in the previous two years of insurrection. The revolution took a sharp turn on August 9th, 1792. The Municipal government was overthrown in Paris and a Commune was established by the leaders of the radical forces. During this time there were continual food riots erupting in every area of the country and, with the threat of war against Austria and Prussia looming, it was vital that order was to be maintained during such tumultuous times. Although the constitution was already enshrined and the citizens had their freedom and liberties, there was still plenty of public dissent and disapproval as to whether or not these laws would help create a new government and prevent the country from breaking apart. The people had come this far and were not prepared to watch their efforts lead to failure or the restoration of an absolute monarch. As a result, the radical forces were able to gain the support of the citizens in declaring that the constitution of 1791 was ineffective and useless since it did not suit the needs of ALL the popula n of France. Moderate forces preferred to concentrate on the foreign affairs of new France, but the radicals insisted on domestic stability first. Led by the popular Danton and the merciless Marat, the Paris Commune discarded the old constitution and called for a National Convention to begin work on a new, revised version. The National Convention, divided by the moderate Girondins and the radical Jacobins, was the place where the future of the country was to be eventually determined. It was the premise of the Jacobins that they should eradicate the enemy within and secure the destiny of the revolution through the destruction of counter-revolutionary forces. They believed that by weeding out those who opposed the revolution, they could achieve their goals quickly and efficiently. The Girondins were not so quick to agree with the Jacobins, and so political deadlock begin to form in the Convention. It was not until after the September massacres, when 1200 prisoners were executed without trials, that Robespierre and his followers were able to justify their premise. They condemned the actions of the unruly mobs that caused the deaths of innocent Frenchmen and demanded that the Monarchy be abolished in order to eliminate as many of the royalists and monarchists that still remained. It was Marat with his want 100,000 heads to fall speeches that convinced the masses that those who were not in favour of the revolution had to be dealt with immediately or the revolution would never succeed. Once the Monarchy was abolished and France was declared a republic, Robespierre and the Jacobins proceeded to demand the execution of the last symbol of the old regime: Louis Capet. The Girondins begged for a stay of execution for the fallen King (in the name of constitutional Justice), but the moderate forces were overwhelmed by the people's support for the radicals and the fate of Louis remained unchanged. His death signified the beginning of a time when nationalism and radicalism would dominate the revolution. On March 10th, the Revolutionary Tribunal was created in order to prosecute the enemies of the revolution. Marat became a virtual Grim Reaper in searching out possible traitors and enemies of the republic. When the Committee on Public Safety was established on the 26th, Robespierre and his Jacobins were able to proudly look upon the reforms that they had injected into the political bloodstream of France. There was no turning back from the radical phase that the people had oluntarily entered and the momentum that the Jacobins had captured placed them in a position of highest authority and almost unlimited power. By the summer of 1793, the people of France began feeling that something had gone wrong, terribly wrong. In what would be known as the infamous

Monroe Doctrine Analysis essays

Monroe Doctrine Analysis essays Monroe Doctrine Analysis Position Paper In 1820, there were many successful revolts of most of Spains Latin American colonies, which caused a great diplomatic challenge for the newly elected President Monroe. With the growing spirit of nationalism in America, and many of the European countries wanting to reclaim their revolting Latin American colonies, Monroe was confused at to what should be done. Congress was pushing towards recognizing the new republics as nations independent from European control, while Monroe thought such a statement would ruin Americas neutral and peaceful ties with Europe, and impede any negotiations with them. But with much deliberation and thought the Monroe Doctrine was issued by America in 1823 , and supported by Great Britain not to simply protect the democratic countries of Latin America from further colonization and political control by European countries, but purely for their own political and economical benefits. For America, the Monroe Doctrine meant the establishment of stronger diplomatic ties with nations, and the reassurance to their right to more western territory. At the beginning of the decisions of issuing the Monroe doctrine, Congress argued that it was necessary for them to recognize these new republics, because they were simply following Americas footsteps. It was also argued that if they did not protect the independent nations from European control, it would directly end up hurting American trade and territorial expansion. If their independence was not recognized, it would contradict the validity of Americas own declaration of independence to the American people. Monroe hesitated to support these new countrys independence, for his worry that it would hurt negotiations with Spain about acquiring Florida. But in 1821, the Florida treaty was passed, so Monroe agreed to the establishment of diplomatic ties with t...

Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 25

Questions - Essay Example Nevertheless, it has lately been used in the making of E-Liquid for the electronic cigarettes, or the personal vaporizers.   Propylene glycol provides an exceptional combination of properties, such as not being readily reactive with some other substances. For a period of more than five decades, we find that it has been used in an extensive range of industrial and consumer applications, whereby it might be used as an agent of emulsification, humectant for the retaining of moisture or even solvent (LBERTY & SILBEY, 2009). Sodium acetate is the acetic acid’s sodium salt. There are several applications that sodium acetate are used. This is because it is a cost-effective chemical that can be used extensively. Some of its uses are application as picking agent and food addictive or even a laboratory reagent (PRESCOTT, 2006). In addition, it is a major ingredient in the portable, reusable heating packs that are

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Leading by Example - Assignment Example Politics entails making the masses believe on the candidate’s potential (Luce, 2008). As such, the society will hardly grant a candidate who lacks convincing words an opportunity to execute actions. This indicates that an action only strategy cannot proliferate well in the contemporary world dominated by the media and technology (Lattimer, 2009). Apparent evidence is the Obama campaigns and leadership. Obama’s appealing performance over the campaign was attributable to his strong media command (Lattimer, 2009). For instance, in his initial stages, he managed to beat Clinton by outshining her in media debates. As such, he was able to market his ideologies to the masses hence realizing considerable popularity. Importantly, we witness the influence of the media in the present leadership with the frequently scrutiny of the world’s leaders. Media provides an avenue through which the society can challenge leader’s actions. According to Shah (2012), leaders are presently investing heavily on media and only individuals capable of handling words’ politics comfortably will survive. Indeed, Luce (2008) affirms that the harsh challenges, which faced Clinton’s presidency during the eve of his tenure, undermined his popularity considerably. Evidently, the contemporary leaders cannot alienate their leadership career with the media influence hence understanding the position of the stage is a common tactics of

Changing of International Order in the Last Century Essay

Changing of International Order in the Last Century - Essay Example This paper argues that changes in international order were in a way that people attained more rights and powers over their day to day life, and states improved their international relations. In the first section, the paper will address various concepts of international order. Subsequent sections will discuss factors contributed to the international order change over the last century. International order changes Historically, it is observed that global countries depend on each other for trading activities, technological and education progress, and infrastructure development. The emergence of globalisation greatly contributed to increased interaction between global countries. Scholars opine that the concept of international order creates a link between economic and political dimensions as political stability significantly influences a country’s economic landscape. Generally, concepts of international order give specific focus to states and consider war as a vital evil to be exor cised. Evidently, wars can make notable changes to the international order. â€Å"One widespread notion of international order equates order with international stability, that is, stable, predictable and controlled relations between states, in which turbulence, chaos and violence are largely (though not necessarily completely) absent† (Maull, 2005, p.94). ... To illustrate, the constructivism theory connected the evolution of international order to international relations. As discussed earlier, wars can have a great influence on the international order. Evidently, the World Wars I & II notably changed the international order. Although the World War I was considered the ‘War to End All Wars’, it directly led to World War II. These two World Wars significantly fuelled the international order changes over the last century. Many authors opine that the interwar period was characterised with radical changes in the international order and it observed notable changes in the balance of power approach that had existed in the pre-World War I Europe. According to Ikenberry (2008), the World Wars led to the advent of the American era which in turn contributed to the formation of post-World War II international order. Throughout the post-World War II international order, an American dominance has been evident. Significant changes in the in ternational order over the last century can be attributed to many structural changes in the global context and other global developments. Evidently, changes in the Soviet Union and Europe were a prime cause for international order changes occurred during the last century. The changes in East-West relations emerged over the last century could be directly ascribed to Soviet Union, specifically the presidency exercised by Gorbachev. Sociologists point out that domestic reforms including ‘perestroika and glasnost’ executed by Gorbachev and Soviet foreign policy ‘new thinking’ markedly contributed to the development of a new international order. It is an undisputed fact that

Business Concept Rice Husk Electricity Production Environmental Sciences Essay

Business Concept Rice Husk Electricity Production Environmental Sciences Essay Most of us dont think much about organic refuse once disposed off. It is important to realize the importance of waste recycling, especially for power generation because it will pave way for preservation of the fast depleting natural resources. Organic materials from farm waste can very easily be treated to produce renewable energy. Biomass technologies make use of combustion processes for power generation and therefore can be harnessed at anytime unlike solar or wind energy which is dependent on natures whims. Ethanol can be extracted from crops which in turn is used to fuel cars powered by bio fuel and can also be used in producing electricity. Rice husk is generally used as solid fuel in combustion process by rice mills but around 50% still go waste. Many countries including Thailand, India, Bangladesh, Philippines use rice husk to produce electricity. These rise husks are used as fuel in small power generators that can be installed near factories and run by a small team. In Pakistan there are about 560 listed rice mills producing a large amount of waste in the form of rice husk which can be converted to producer gas by adapting simple technology of gasifiers and the equipment necessary for operations is cheap and can be easily procured locally. Hence, we are proposing the establishment of a business that will provide electricity by using rice husk that would otherwise be burned in the open air or left to decay. Biomass gasification system is being employed in order to generate electricity. Biomass gasification power generation  system adopts the draft-down fixed bed gasification furnace which saves electricity and operation is also convenient. Biomass gasification is a simple and relatively old process, in which biomass is heated to very high temperatures in an atmosphere of less than 1% oxygen. Under these conditions, it does not burn in flames, but turns into a producer gas. Next to the gasifier are four filters for cleaning tar and dust from the gas, and a generator in which the producer gas is used to drive a turbine and create electricity. Thats it. The plant proposed price is $1200 per KW. But the second hand plant is available at $600 per KW and $200 per KW is being charged to cover installment, structural changes etc. The total cost of building 200 KWH plant including set-up will be approximately Rs. 16 million. In 1st year the biomass gasifier plant is operated at average 70% capacity level. The projected cost of producing 1,176,000 KW/ year electricity will be approximately Rs 11 million that will yield income around Rs. 1,341,100. This project is very important from the Pakistan perspective. Pakistan has been facing an unprecedented energy crisis since the last several years. The problem becomes severe during the summers. Large numbers of users have to be disconnected from the energy supply system to prevent overloading the generating stations (load shedding). On occasions the urban dwellers had to suffer load shedding of 8-10 hours every day. During the same time rural consumers suffered it for up to 20 hours at a stretch. Such projects not only solve electricity problems, creates employment opportunities but also pave the way towards development. Throughout the world m of energy. It is a basic requirement for economic development and for an adequate standard of living. As a countrys population grows and its economy expands its demand for electrical energy multiplies. If this demand is not met adequately a shortage in supply occurs. 2.0 Introduction Every person is in the state of failure. Whether it is child who fails to get good marks in test or employee who has failed to achieve his target and get abominated by his boss whose business is suffering from losses. All this is happening in Pakistan because of one reason only, that is the electricity outages. Each day dozens of people are protesting on roads, outside the parliament, governor house, WAPDA, PEPCO to demand electricity round the clock. The role of electricity cannot be undermined in uplifting the economy of a country and improving the standard of living of its people. However many developing countries like Pakistan have been facing acute deficiency in electricity. Currently Pakistan is going through the crises of power outages causing destruction to our economy and increasing frustration amongst the people. At present, there is a dire need to explore alternative energy resources that are indigenous, cost effective, environmental friendly and quick to implement rather than just relying on dams that require long term construction process and heavy investments. The availability of heat and electricity forms an essential ingredient of a living society. The need for energy is ever increasing due to technological revolution occurring all over the globe. Hence, there is a pressing need to generate additional energy to bridge the supply demand gap. This calls for technologies, which is cost-effective and require less gestation period from conception to realization. Biomass is one such energy source that offers solutions matching the above requirements. Biomass has several aspects of utility in the society and there is substantive residue left unutilized after the societal needs are met with. Biomass is organic material, which has stored solar energy from sunlight in the form of chemical in the plants through the process called photosynthesis. Biomass fuels include agricultural wastes; crop Residues, Wood, Woody Waste Organic wastes etc. Unlike fossil fuels Biomass does not add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as it absorbs the same amount of carbon while growing. It is the cheapest, eco-friendly, renewable source of energy. Here we have a business plan to use indigenous alternate energy sources to generate electricity which is cost effective and quick to implement. Pakistan is a country of diverse ecology. Northern areas have rich reserves of pine trees littering their needles and foliage the years around and covering vast land with thick biomass. The cultivable plans of Punjab and Sindh are producing crops with biomass like rice husk, cotton waste, corn empty combs, shells of peanuts, almonds, apricot and dates, even household garbage which is thrown away. 2.1. Potential Benefits of Biomass: Reducing carbon emissions if managed (produced, transported, used) in a sustainable manner Enhancing energy security by diversifying energy sources utilizing local resources Reduced problem of biomass waste management Possible additional revenues for the agricultural and forestry sectors Biomass (plant matter) used to generate electricity with steam turbines and gasifiers or produce heat by direct combustion is a substitute for fossil fuels and has environmental and social-cost benefits. Combustion of waste has been used for many years as a way of reducing waste volume and neutralizing many of the potentially harmful elements within it. Combustion can only be used to create an energy source when heat recovery is included. Heat recovered from the combustion process can then be used to power turbines for electricity generation. The role of biomass in electricity production is very important by using wastes. According to Indian company the distribution and installation cost by using rice husk is around $1/W, one of the lowest in the world and replaces around 42,000 liters of kerosene and 18,000 liters of diesel per year. The company also claims that it plans to save about $50 million in two years by providing an alternative to kerosene and diesel. 2.2. Business Concept: RICE HUSK ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION Pakistan is an agricultural country producing large amount of agricultural residues annually from bagasse, rice husk, palm oil and wood waste, which have a high electricity potential. If these unexploited residues are utilized, the total potential of biomass fuel sources and also power production capacity of the nation would be doubled. Based on this forecast we are proposing to start a business that will generate electricity by means of rice husk- biomass. Rice is more than a staple for Pakistanis. It has a prominent place in most of rituals from the wedding to the funeral. To produce rice in milling process, rice husk is removed when passing through the process. Rice husk is the outer cover of rice that accounts for about 20% by weight of the rice. Rice husks, which are a waste product of the rice crop and found aplenty in villages, has been used as fodder for cattle and to make particle boards by a few wood-based companies. In the past, rice husk was mostly dumped as waste that caused waste disposal problem for the mills. Also, when rice husk is fermented by microorganisms, methane is emitted contributing to global warming problem. Rice husk is a fine and light particle and can cause breathing problems. Rice husk is generally used as solid fuel in combustion process by rice mills but around 50% still go waste. Many countries including Thailand, India, Bangladesh, Philippines use rice husk to produce electricity. These rise husks are used as fuel in small power generators that can be installed near factories and run by a small team. In Pakistan there are about 560 listed rice mills producing a large amount of waste in the form of rice husk which can be converted to producer gas by adapting simple technology of gasifiers and the equipment necessary for operations is cheap and can be easily procured locally. Hence, we are proposing the establishment of a business that will provide electricity by using rice husk that would otherwise be burned in the open air or left to decay. In order to avoid failure, the business will be started at the small scale by producing electricity for rice mill using rice husks. If we get successful we will extend our boundaries and use every biomass to generate electricity and make the country a self sufficient electricity generation country. This development will most certainly improve the living conditions of people, allowing them to experience better standards of living, and possibly giving them the chance to develop better sources of livelihood. It involves the construction and operation of a new rice husk power plant with approximately 200 KWh. The process allows rice husks to be substituted for fossil fuel. This novel way of producing electricity will provide a reliable supply and is cheaper than alternatives, translating to a savings of million liters of fuel oil per year and precious foreign exchange. Taking advantage of biomass also decreases air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions by reducing the quantity of fossil fuel burned 3.0 Description of venture We are proposing the establishment of a firm that will provide electricity at affordable price to industries and nearby residential areas. We are providing cheap electricity from rice husk at low rate. Rice husk is wasted in Pakistan but we can utilize it in producing electricity and its further waste (rice husk ash) can also be used in In rubber industry as reinforcing agent In cement industries Cosmetics In tooth pastes as anti-caking agents In water purifier as purifier The nature of our business will be partnership. Three principals would be involved each with their own share and contribution. The principals of this venture are fresh graduates of Management Sciences Department of Lahore College for Women University, Lahore. 3.1. Size of business The firm aims to start up its business at small scale catering only one region i.e. Gujranwala, Pakistan with a startup capital of 20 million. The small physical plant would be able to accommodate a small setup and the initial finance would be able to facilitate a small venture like this. After gaining success we can further try to provide electricity to different regions at low rates. 3.2. Plant equipment and personnel Our equipment divided into three parts Biomass gasifier Biomass purification system Generator 3.3. Availability of rice husk About 600 million tonnes of rice paddy was produced all over the world out of which an estimated 5.5 million tonnes was grown in Pakistan in 2005-06. Rice husk is the outer covering of the rice grain that is removed as a result of milling process on rice kernel. On average 20% of rice paddy is husk places the global estimate of the rice husk at 120 million tonnes. This means that in Pakistan alone, about 1.1 million tonnes of rice husk was generated in year 2005-06 [Bronzeoak Ltd, 2002 and Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan]. The amount of rice husk available depends on season and rice production capacity of the rice mill. If sometimes there are not enough rice husks from the Rice mill to meet the requirement, the power plant will buy from others rice mills within the province 3.4. Vision To lighten the ordinary peoples life 3.5. Mission Want to brighten peoples lives by providing affordable, local and sustainable energy solutions and promoting productive uses of agricultural wastes with the help of inimitable workforce 3.5. Objectives To provide cheap and environmental friendly energy solutions to the homes and industries of Pakistan To upgrade simple energy technology of rice husk in order to improve productivity of industries To reduce energy costs by substituting agricultural waste rice husk as bio fuel instead of costly fossil fuel 3.6. Keys to  success Following keys to success have been identified, that if they are followed, the likelihood of sustainable business and success will significantly increase: To offer products that are demanded by consumers To provide electricity at affordable prices To ensure 100% customer satisfaction by working 24/7/365. 4.0 Product Description Generating electricity from rice husk that is a outer cover of rice. The electricity we provide will be at lower rates than WAPDA. 4.1. Competitive Analysis The rice processing industry, through the implementation of plant can operate 24 hours a day, 346 days a year. The use of rice husks for fuel does not create competition with food crops since the rice husks would otherwise be agricultural waste 4.2. Environmental Friendly Biomass can be used for reduce greenhouse effect because trees absorb CO2 as they grow and this carbon is released when the biomass is combusted. Thus, the net amount of CO2 added to the atmosphere during energy production through the use of biomass over the entire life cycle is nearly zero. Also its combustion temperature is lower than fossil fuel combustion, it is anticipated that there will be lower NOx emissions. Since biomass contains little sulphur compared to coal, it is also expected that there will be lower SOx emissions. 4.3. Production Plan Biomass gasification plant is being employed in order to generate electricity. The production process starts with the continuous conveying of rice husks in a sequential order as follows: from the storage yard to the indoor storage, to the grinder, to the service silo and finally to the furnace chamber of a boiler. The process of gasification involves controlled burning of the biomass to produce a particular cocktail of gases, called the producer gas. This gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and a little bit of methane. Producer gas is a combustible gas. It is fed into a gas engine, which drives an alternator to produce electricity. Next to the gasifier are four filters for cleaning tar and dust from the gas, and a generator in which the producer gas is used to drive a turbine and create electricity. The design of the plant involved a lot of research and development, especially regarding the fuel feeding, combustion regulation and ash removal. Raw a nd hot producer gas could be used for meeting thermal needs or could be cooled and cleaned, and used in reciprocating engines or gas turbines for power generation. Biomass gasification power generation  system adopt the draft-down fixed bed gasification furnace which saves electricity and convenient. The engines and generator, electrical equipment should be arranged indoor, but other equipment can be arranged outdoor. The area of building for each 200KW generator unit is approximately 40-50m2. Through the above process, biomass gasification power generation converts various kinds of wastes into electricity, reducing pollution due to waste disposal and making better use of energy. 4.4. Feasibility Study According to analysis done by Southern Brazilian Rice Processing Cooperative Agriculture return on investment through Payback, or return on invested capital (one of the simplest indicators of investment that considers the time at which the project will pay the initial investment) is 3.86 years if they install micro power system. Rice husk electricity generation project is really successful in India. According to Indian website rice husk is burnt to produce enough energy for powering a turbine and producing electricity. As of now, there are 60 mini-rice husk powered electricity plants that light 25,000 households in different parts of the country. According to them production cost will be Rs. 2/K Wh. Any industry persons would be ready to have power at Rs. 2/KWh. India who has built its first plant in Bihar has extended his netwok in various villages. Moreover, Golden Rice Cambodia has invested $2 million in a rice-husk electricity plant in order to power local rice mills. In Thailand a pilot plant project of capacity 9.8 MW is installed and is successful. The project has been established since July 2000. In Thailand, a large portion of the electricity production is from fossil fuels causing concern for energy security as well as environmental emissions of CO2, SO2 and NOX. Biomass has been proposed as one of the alternative (renewable) energy sources of energy which can, to extent, offset the use of fossil fuels. Experts said that Pakistan has great potential to produce electricity from rice husk because it holds important place in rice producing countries (The nation, 8th June 2009). The use of husk power allows cheap electricity to reach homes without relying on expensive and polluting electricity imported from China. He also advised the rice mills to build up biomass power plants, which can be fuelled by rice husk and get output ranging from 100kw to 1.2MW for each unit of equipment. By utilizing of waste heat, the millers can get much steam that is useful for a rice mill, he maintained. The secret lies not in the biomass gasification system, which is so simple that even a person who cannot read and write can operate it with a little bit of training, (Indian website source) 5.0 Market Analysis 5.1. Industry Analysis WAPDA is the sole producer of electricity in Pakistan. It is providing electricity to the commercial as well as the residential areas. But unfortunately WAPDA performance is not good in the last two decades. According to Pepco, nationwide demand went beyond 16,337MW but the company could not manage more than 10,261MW leaving a shortfall of 6,070MW.Earlier, PEPCO had claimed that load shedding will be carrying out according to schedule. However, no schedule has been released so far and load shedding is carried out for 7 to 10 hours in the cities and for up to 15 hours in rural areas. Because of which industries are suffering loss and our economy is also going down and our exports are becoming less which further decreases balance of payments. Moreover, after frequent intervals the per unit price also increases that increases the cost of production and ultimately producer increase their prices and shifts their burden to consumers. 5.2. Market Segmentation The market segmentation for biomass gasifier electricity plant will provide electricity to the: Commercial areas Industrial zones The areas where are initially targeting is Gujranwala. The rationale of choosing this region is that Gujranwala possesses many rice mills that make availability of rice husk around the clock. Moreover, if in any year rice production decreases we can easily import rice husk from Narowal and Kasur where there are availability of rice mills. 5.3. Target market Nowadays in Pakistan the electricity consumption has been surpassed and supply of electricity is insufficient to meet the demand. Many industries have been shut down causing unemployment due to this critical situation. These industries use more amount of electricity due to which provision of electricity to households also affects badly. Industries should have their own separate setup for electricity generation instead of depending on government to provide them electricity. So the major targeted areas where we can provide electricity through rice husk are: Industries Households Commercial areas Industries: Industries especially the rice mills can get electricity at a very affordable price through biomass power production without relying on fossil fuel combustion. The small scale power plant will help to meet the needs of power of the specific factory. It will assist Pakistan sustainable growth to keep up with the industrialized world. Households: As the major source of electricity in Pakistan is WAPDA. Citizens cant do anything when the light has gone so all the routine and lifestyle of citizens get disturbed by this situation. Thats why by using biomass production plant we produced electricity so households also enlightened their houses and do their work freely. Commercial areas: Biomass production plant is able enough to provide electricity to majority of people. Commercial areas such as main bazaars, small outlets are also affected by the deficiency of electricity as their business stuck by the deficiency of electricity. So by producing electricity through rice husk we can make this situation better. Hence our target market is meeting the criteria of effective targeting which includes the following characteristics: The characteristics of the segments targeted are identifiable. The target market is sizeable enough to generate reasonable profits. Our target market is stable in terms of life styles and consumption patterns. Our market is accessible in an economical way. 5.4. Marketing Mix PRODUCT The company aim to produce electricity by using rice husk biomass gasifier plant. The conversion of plant material into energy takes place inside a biomass gasifier. So through this process more electricity will be produced. PRICING STRATEGY Cost pricing strategy will be used that is after determining the cost, profit will be added to decide at which price per unit electricity will be sold. We will charge different prices to residential and commercial areas. Rs. 9.90 per unit will be charged to residents and Rs. 13.90 per unit to industries. PLACE The power plant will be besides the rice mill so that transportation cost will be minimal. The areas where are initially targeting is Gujranwala. The rationale of choosing this region is that Gujranwala possesses many rice mills like Adil company, Agroman Crystal rice mill, Ahsan rice mill, Al Fajar rice mill, Al haidi rice mill, Al hameed rice mill, Al Riaz rice mill, Al Shauq Rice and processing mill etc. that make availability of rice husk around the clock. Moreover, if in any year rice production decreases we can easily take rice husk from Narowal and Kasur where there are availability of rice mills. So, availability of rice husk will not be a problem in this region. PROMOTION The basic marketing challenge is to come up with a cohesive campaign to attract rice millers to take electricity from our company. This can be achieved by a giving them a solid value proposition, that they can get reliable energy for substantially lower rates. We will make them see the comparison of prices between rice husk electricity and the alternatives that they have. 5.5. Analysis of competitors In Pakistan, WAPDA enjoys the monopoly in producing electricity at such a big scale. The main problem with WAPDA is that it has a high demand for electricity but its supply to its users is low. Because of its failure in providing electricity around the clock and continual increase in per unit electricity prices at frequent intervals many industries has built up their own power set-ups like Bahria town. But they arent our direct competitors. The primary reason is that our target market is different. We are targeting those areas that are getting electricity from WAPDA at high rates. We will provide them electricity at not only at cheaper rates but also the availability of electricity will be ensured around the clock. 5.6. Assessment of risk Main risk will be continuous supply of biomass and Climatic conditions. This can be mitigated by carrying out an in depth survey of the biomass availability in the area and ensuring that the plant can use a variety of biomass. 5.7. Internal Analysis Strengths The resources used for rice husk energy technology are mainly by-products that result minimal cost for the raw materials in electricity production. Rice husk technology is more reliable than the alternative energy sources. Unlike wind turbines and dams, it is not dependent on geographic areas Rice husk is also more strategic than other forms of biofuel because it does not take away materials that are still edible, unlike in corn or wheat fuel. A source of revenue is the sale of ash, a waste- product that emerges by using rice husk technology. Having this secure source of raw materials supports Pakistan to become more energy-independent Weaknesses: Shortage of raw material Low production of rice due to floods Latest technology not being used in Pakistan No government support. 7.0 Management Summary The organization will be led by three principals. 7.1. Authority of principals There will be equal authority among the principals. The signatures of at least 3 members would be required to take any decision financial or otherwise. 7.2. Roles and responsibilities of members of organization Mubeena Farasat will deal in accounting and finance Ayesha Aleem will deal in marketing Abeera Pervaiz will deal in technical and production 8.0 Financial Analysis 8.1. Statement of financing needed The amount of Rs. 20 million is used as a start up finance. This amount will cover the initial financial requirement for setting up a small production plant. The costs relating to the purchase of machinery and the setup; the physical place for operation; the contract with the firms for the regular supply of rice husk, fuel to burn the rice husk will be the major cost; also the hiring of human resource for operating the machinery is the cost that would be borne at the end of the month. Composition of Capital Plant and Machinery Purchase of machinery is the major decision as it requires heavy financing. Because of capital shortage manual feeding of rice husk is done instead of purchasing belt conveyor that can convey the material to the gasifier furnace. Our equipment is majorly divided into three parts, biomass gasifier, biomass purification system and generator. Major machinery may includes feeding machine, gas tank, gasifier furnace, purifier, filters, pipeline network etc The major supplier is Mr. Muhammad Duja, owner of Ducon Energy Management System having office at DHA Karachi. His proposed price is $1200 per KW. But the second hand plant is available at $600 per KW and $200 per KW is being charged to cover installment, structural changes etc. The total cost of building 200 KWH plant including set-up will be approximately Rs. 16 million (800ÃÆ'-100ÃÆ'-200). Capacity of plant The installed production capacity of the proposed unit would be 200 KWH eggs. However, the capacity utilization of 70% and 80% is envisaged during the first two years. Capacity utilization Per day Capacity 100% 70% 80% Electricity production 200 KWH 140 KWH 160 KWH Rice Husk 1680 tons 1176 tons 1344 tons Land A plot of around 3 kanal will be sufficient as the built-up area requirement is not more than 16 mrlas. Building would be taken on rent at Rs. 60,000 per month that will be around 720,000 lacs per annum or 0.72 million. Accessories Necessary furniture like tables, chairs, desks, storage cupboards; a small amount of stationary; water coolers, split a/cs in the office are required that will take approximately Rs. 5 lakhs for its arrangements. Vehicles Carriage Vans will be needed to bring rice husk to the desired location. Second hand vehicles will be purchased that will approximately cost Rs. 6 lakhs. 8.3. Manpower Requirement In order to execute the work, employees, labors are required. Particulars Quantity Rs Operation Manager 1 60,000 Machine Operators 2 40,000 Skilled workers 2 30,000 Unskilled workers 10 60,000 Guard 3 26,000 Clerks 4 26,000 Cost of Goods Sold RICE HUSK ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION Projected C0st of Services sold As of year ended 31 Dec, 2012 2012 2013 2014 Merchandise inventory opening 26,000 66,700 99,000 Add: Purchases 7,644,000   8,064,000 10,080,000 7,056,000   8,130,700 10,179,000 Add: Wages (116,000*12) 1,392,000 1,670,400 1,770,400 Rent expense (50,000*12) 720,000 720,000 720,000 Fuel charges 1,200,000   1,600,000 1,700,000 Miscellaneous 300,000 255,000 275,000 Cost of goods available for sale 10,668,000   12,376,100 14,644,400 Less: Merchandise inventory closing 66,700   99,000 127,000 Cost of goods sold 10,601,300   12,277,100 14,517,400 EXPLANATION In 1st year the biomass gasifier plant is operated at average 70% capacity level. So total rice husk needed in the first operating day will be 4 tons that will be purchased at a price of 26,000.The total rice husk purchased in the year will be around 7,644,000 (1176 tons ÃÆ'- Rs 6,500 per ton) needed in the year. Direct expenses may include the wages given to the labors that are breaking eggs and operating machines, rent that will be available at Rs. 60,000 p.m., fuel charges that will be outsource. Miscellaneous includes the transportation charges, cl

social research Essay -- essays research papers

Social Research Methods  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sahar Thariani Paper II   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Section 01 Introduction and Data Source   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Attending college is slowly changing from what was once considered a rare opportunity to a staple part of what constitutes an education today. As the number of colleges has also inflated, and means of attending college expanded, such as Internet based universities, the number of people attaining a higher-level education has also increased. This paper attempts to test and analyze fifty American states and conclude upon factors within states that may give an individual a better chance of being college educated. The three variables being tested in this research include median household income, race and Internet access. In order to do this, statistical data had to be gathered for all the states, these fifty being my unit of analysis. To ensure accurate results, the statistical data had to be collected from a reliable source. The numbers used as indicators of educational achievement and households with Internet access were obtained from the official website of the U.S Census Bureau. A governmental institution, well known for its detailed statistics on every state, provided a set of figures that would be most reliable. Data for median household income for each state and population distribution by gender was acquired by an organization referenced by Professor Hansell, an acclaimed sociologist. â€Å"State Health Facts online† supplied by the well-reputed Kaiser family Organization is a resource that contains the latest state-level data on demographics, health, and health policy. The website also has a section of raw data through which one may verify the statistics. Hypothesis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The aim of this study is to find issues within states that result in higher education levels, that is, factors that education is dependant upon. This makes education the dependant variable in this study. Higher education is usually expe... ...ome, again leading to higher Internet access, and one can envision a highly possible cycle. I feel that in the future it would be important to research the role of race in this cycle, and also find ways to prevent higher income states from going ahead while being in this cycle, and low income states from being denied a high education. International studies might be able to make a global understanding of the role earnings play towards getting an education. References Babbie, Earl (2001). The Practice of Social Research, 9th Edition. Belmont: Wadsworth United States Census Bureau (2002). â€Å"Education.† Statistical Abstract of the United States. Fact Sheet: [Online at http://www.census.gov]. United States Census Bureau (2002). â€Å"Information and Communications.† Statistical Abstract of the United States. Fact Sheet: [Online at http://www.census.gov]. Kaiser Family Foundation's State Health Facts Online, State Data 2000-2001 (U.S.2001). â€Å"Population Distribution by Race/Ethnicity.† [Online at http://statehealthfacts.kff.org]. Kaiser Family Foundation's State Health Facts Online, State Data 2000-2001 (U.S.2001). â€Å"Median Family Income† [Online at http://statehealthfacts.kff.org].